Professional manufacture factory for waste incinerator, sewage treatment and sludge dewatering equipment.
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Professional manufacture factory for waste incinerator, sewage treatment and sludge dewatering equipment.
I. Definition of Solid Waste Incineration
Solid waste incineration is the process of oxidising solid waste at high temperatures to convert it into gas, solid residue and heat. It is a common method of solid waste treatment, mainly used to deal with municipal rubbish, industrial waste, medical waste and so on. Through incineration, the volume and weight of the waste can be significantly reduced, while heat energy can be recovered for power or heat generation.
II. Benefits of solid waste incineration
1. Volume and weight reduction: incineration can reduce the volume of solid waste by 80-90 per cent and its weight by 70-80 per cent, greatly reducing the final disposal of waste.
2. Energy Recovery: The heat generated during incineration can be used to generate electricity or heat, realising the energy use of waste and helping to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources.
3. Health and safety: High-temperature incineration can effectively kill pathogens and harmful microorganisms in the waste, reducing the risk of disease transmission, and is particularly suitable for treating infectious waste such as medical waste.
4. Reducing the need for landfills: The relative stability of the residue after incineration can reduce the need for landfills and the occupation of land resources by landfills.
III. Disadvantages of solid waste incineration
1. High cost: incineration facilities have high construction and operating costs, requiring a large investment in equipment acquisition, installation and maintenance.
2. Air pollution: The incineration process may produce some harmful gases, such as dioxins, furans, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, etc., which, if not handled properly, will have a serious impact on air quality.
3. High technical requirements: The incineration process is complex and requires strict control of parameters such as combustion temperature, oxygen supply, residence time, etc. to ensure combustion efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions.
4. Low public acceptance: Owing to concerns about possible environmental and health risks associated with incineration, there is often public resistance to the construction of incineration facilities, leading to difficulties in advancing the project.
IV. Problems that incineration of solid waste can cause
1. Atmospheric pollution: The flue gas produced during incineration contains a variety of pollutants, such as particulate matter, acid gases (e.g., sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides), heavy metals (e.g., mercury, lead), and organic pollutants (e.g., dioxins, furans). These pollutants, if discharged directly without effective treatment, will cause serious pollution of the atmospheric environment, affecting air quality and endangering human health.
2. Ash disposal: The ash produced after incineration contains heavy metals and other harmful substances, which need to be properly treated and disposed of to prevent pollution of soil and water bodies.
3. Noise and odour: Incineration facilities may produce noise and odour during operation, which may have a certain impact on the lives of the surrounding residents.
4. Waste of resources: If the incineration process does not effectively recover heat energy and reusable materials, it will result in a certain waste of resources.
V. Solid waste incineration process
Solid waste incineration process mainly includes the following steps:
1. Pre-treatment: solid waste is pre-treated by sorting, crushing, drying, etc. to improve incineration efficiency and reduce pollutant emissions.
2. Incineration: The pre-treated waste is sent to the incinerator for oxidation reaction at high temperature. Common types of incinerators include mechanical grate furnace, fluidised bed furnace, rotary kiln, etc.
3. Flue gas treatment: The flue gas generated by incineration needs to go through a series of treatment processes, such as dust removal, desulphurisation, denitrification, acid removal, removal of heavy metals and dioxins, etc., to ensure that the emissions meet the standards.
4. Waste heat recovery: Use the heat generated by incineration for waste heat recovery, such as power generation, heating, etc., to improve the efficiency of energy use.
5. Ash treatment: Stabilisation of incinerated ash, such as curing, stabilisation, etc., followed by safe landfill or resource utilisation.
VI. United States Solid Waste Incineration Regulatory Standard Documents
The regulation of solid waste incineration in the United States is very strict, mainly based on the following standard documents:
1. Clean Air Act (CAA): This is the most important air pollution control regulation at the federal level in the United States, and provides detailed regulations on flue gas emission standards for incineration facilities. Incineration facilities are required to obtain emission permits and conduct regular monitoring and reporting.
2. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): This statute focuses on the management of hazardous waste, including incineration. Incineration facilities are required to comply with strict hazardous waste management standards to ensure the safe handling and disposal of waste.
3. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA): Also known as the Superfund Act, this statute deals with the cleanup and remediation of abandoned hazardous waste sites. If an incineration facility causes environmental contamination, remediation and compensation may be required under this statute.
4. State and Local Regulations: In addition to federal regulations, state and local governments have their own environmental regulations and standards that more specifically regulate the construction and operation of incineration facilities.
Through these regulations and standards, the United States ensures that the environmental and health impacts of solid waste incineration are minimised, while promoting the sustainable development of incineration technologies.
How are the residues after incineration usually dealt with?
The residue after incineration is usually treated in the following ways:
i. Resource utilisation
1. Building materials:
- Concrete Aggregate: Incineration residue can be used as coarse aggregate for concrete after pre-treatment such as screening and crushing. For example, the high density and hardness of incineration residues and the low dissolution of heavy metals make them a good material for making concrete.
- Bricks and blocks: Red bricks can be made by mixing the residue with clay, or concrete blocks and concrete slabs can be made by mixing the coarsely crushed residue with sand and cement in proportion.
- Road material: after screening, the slag can be used as the base layer material for roads, which has the advantages of wide source, high permeability and low transport cost.
2. Metal recycling:
- Valuable metal extraction: incineration residue often contains Fe, Cu, Ti and many other valuable metals, which can be recovered by solution leaching extraction (such as acid leaching, alkali leaching, salt leaching, water leaching) or bioleaching extraction (such as tank leaching, heap leaching, in-situ leaching) and other methods.
II. Curing treatment
1. Cement curing: Mix incineration residues with cement to form a curing body and reduce the leaching of harmful substances. This method is mature, easy to operate, and low cost, but the solidified body has a large volume increase ratio and still has a tendency to dissolve in the long term.
2. Asphalt curing: using asphalt as a curing agent, the incineration residue is sealed in the curing body to prevent the leaching of heavy metals. This method can effectively reduce the leaching of heavy metals, but is more costly.
3. Plastic curing: Using plastic as a curing agent, incineration residues are encapsulated in plastic to form a stable curing body. This method improves the strength of the cured body, but again at a higher cost.
4. Glass curing: incineration residues are converted into glassy substances through high-temperature melting technology to achieve harmless and resourceful use. This method can effectively reduce the leaching of heavy metals and dioxins, but is technically demanding and costly.
III. Safe landfilling
1. Pre-treatment and then landfilling: The incineration residue is cured and stabilised to meet the requirements of the Hazardous Waste Landfill Pollution Control Standards (GB 18598-2019), and then landfilled in a designated location. Although this method can effectively treat the residue, it requires higher treatment costs and will occupy a large amount of land resources.
2. Fly ash treatment: Fly ash usually contains high levels of heavy metals and dioxins and requires separate treatment. Common treatment methods include landfill after solidification treatment or environmentally sound treatment using high-temperature melting technology.
IV. Other treatment methods
1. Water treatment chemicals: choose the mixed acid system of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid, prepare the sludge incineration residue into water treatment chemicals, apply to the biochemical treatment of effluent from sewage treatment plants, and achieve recycling.
2. Landfill cover material: The screened incineration residue can be used as landfill cover material, using the landfill's own environmental protection facilities (e.g., impermeable layer and leachate recycling system) to control the leaching of heavy metals and reduce the impact on the environment.
Each of these treatment methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of a specific treatment method requires comprehensive consideration of the composition of the residue, the cost of treatment, the environmental impact and the feasibility of resource utilisation.
Conclusion
As you can see, solid waste incineration is much more than simply burning rubbish. There are complex processes involved. Whether a community adopts waste incineration or dumps its rubbish in a landfill depends on a variety of factors, including the community's resources, amount of land, and ecological vulnerability.
When implemented and managed correctly, waste incineration is cleaner, more efficient and one of the most effective modern waste management systems.
However, regardless of which waste management process is used, ultimately, reducing waste generation is the best and most effective way to reduce the environmental, health and social impacts of rubbish.
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